Effects of Marine Toxins on the Reproduction and Early Stages Development of Aquatic Organisms

Marine organisms, and specially phytoplankton species, are able to produce a diverse array of toxic compounds that are not yet fully understood in terms of their main targets and biological function. Toxins such as saxitoxins, tetrodotoxin, palytoxin, nodularin, okadaic acid, domoic acid, may be produced in large amounts by dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, bacteria and diatoms and accumulate in vectors that transfer the toxin along food chains. These may affect top predator organisms, including human populations, leading in some cases to death. Nevertheless, these toxins may also affect the reproduction of aquatic organisms that may be in contact with the toxins, either by decreasing the amount or quality of gametes or by affecting embryonic development. Adults of some species may be insensitive to toxins but early stages are more prone to intoxication because they lack effective enzymatic systems to detoxify the toxins and are more exposed to the toxins due to a higher metabolic growth rate. In this paper we review the current knowledge on the effects of some of the most common marine toxins on the reproduction and development of early stages of some organisms.     

化学杀虫剂对弱筋小麦籽粒安全性和品质的影响

为了探索弱筋小麦优质、高效、安全生产的杀虫剂使用方法,以扬麦13为材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,评价了三种化学杀虫剂在不同时期喷施对籽粒安全性和品质的影响。结果表明,三种化学杀虫剂在不同时期施用,均对小麦生长安全,不影响小麦的食用安全性。喷施化学杀虫剂后,显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量,显著提高淀粉含量,极显著提高蛋白质产量、淀粉产量和千粒重,RVA粘度特性大多数参数值上升,出粉率和弱化度显著提高,形成时间、稳定时间、评价值降低,而对拉伸仪参数无显著影响;吡虫啉和氧化乐果对品质改善的作用略大于毒死蜱。在抽穗开花期至花后7 d喷施,可获得较高的千粒重、蛋白质产量和淀粉产量,同时蛋白质含量较低,淀粉含量较高,粉质参数中形成时间、稳定时间较低,弱化度较高,更有利于弱筋小麦品质的形成;喷施时期对扬麦13直链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量和RVA粘度特性参数、拉伸仪参数的影响较小,均未达到显著水平。药剂和喷施时期之间互作不显著。     

一个新的水稻生育期延迟T-DNA插入突变体

从水稻突变体库中筛选到一个生育期延迟突变体,主要表现为生育期延迟、植株矮化、叶色变深、叶角张大、根系变短。遗传分析表明该突变体受1对隐性单基因控制。对突变体及其后代分离群体做Basta抗性检测,证实该突变体是由T-DNA插入引起的,突变性状与T-DNA共分离。PCR和Southern杂交结果进一步证实了上述观点。该材料可用于插入座位的基因克隆和生育期调控机理的研究。     

Efficacy of various concentrations of synthetic hormones on the induced breeding of Channa marulius (Sole)

A study was conducted to determine the artificial breeding response, embryonic and larval development of giant snakehead, Channa marulius, with the application of various dosages of stimulatory hormones: Suprefact® (LHRH) agonist and Ovaprim® (GnRH + dopamine inhibitor). First and second hormonal dosages of Suprefact® (diluted) and Ovaprim® (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 ml for male and 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 ml for females per kilogram body weight) were used. There were three treatments T₁, T₂, and T₃ and each treatment had three replicates. Male fish were treated with T₁ (0.3), T₂ (0.4), T₃ (0.5) ml kg⁻¹ of body weight while female fish with T₁ (0.8), T₂ (0.9), T₃ (1.0) ml kg⁻¹ of body weight. The results showed that fish stimulated with T₃ (1.0) obtained better fecundity rate (2951.7) followed by T₂ (0.4) (2678.3), while the lowest fecundity (466.7) was recorded in T₁. The numerically higher values of gonado-somatic index (males and females) and fertilization rate appeared in T₂. The highest survival rate (97.1%) was found in T₃ followed by T₂ (97.0%), while the lowest (32.2%) in T₁. In conclusion, the application of Suprefact® and Ovaprim® at 0.4 and 0.5 ml kg⁻¹ body weight for male and 0.9 and 1.0 ml kg⁻¹ for female fish successfully stimulated snakehead fish induced breeding.     

Fish larvae dynamics in temperate estuaries: A review on processes,patterns and factors that determine recruitment

Early life stages of fish (eggs and larvae) are particularly vulnerable with mortality rates of up to 99% recorded for a large number of species. High mortality rates result from the limited swimming ability of larvae preventing them from escaping sub-optimal environmental conditions, predators or low prey density areas. In this context, estuaries are key nursery areas for larval and juvenile fish. Estuarine habitats offer environmental conditions favourable to the survival and growth of early stages, through abundant good-quality prey and protection from predators. A vast literature on larvae occurring in temperate estuaries exists, but an overall perspective is lacking. The occurrence of fish larvae in temperate estuaries depends on several factors. First, the choice of spawning time and location is primordial, as they have evolved to optimise the entry and the retention of larvae in the estuary as well as the conditions experienced by young stages. Secondly, larval growth and survival depend on key environmental factors (e.g. salinity, water temperature, freshwater inputs, turbidity and dissolved oxygen concentration). Knowledge of the larval dynamics in temperate estuaries is scarce for some topics and biased towards some species or geographical areas. The main goal of the present literature review is to synthesise existing knowledge regarding spawning timing and location and larval ecology for fish species occurring in coasts and estuaries, identifying the main patterns, consensus or conflicting hypotheses and highlighting major gaps. Research needs and future perspectives were outlined.     

4个白羊草居群产量及营养品质等特性的比较研究

为选育出优良的白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng)品种,对4个白羊草居群在山西晋中地区进行比较试验。分别对其播种当年的生育期、生产性能、营养品质进行了研究。结果表明:4个白羊草居群在晋中地区播种当年均能完成整个生育期,具有较强的生态适应性。在生产性能方面,太谷居群具有最高的鲜草、干草产量和干鲜比,其次是平定居群,而代县和平鲁居群表现一般;在营养品质方面,太谷居群同样优于其他居群,其粗蛋白(CP)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量均为最高,而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量均为最低,茎叶比较低。综合分析表明,太谷居群表现最好,具有较大的选育驯化潜力。     

不同温度条件下油棕象甲实验种群生命表研究

在16、20、24、28、32℃5个温度梯度下,观察油棕象甲(Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust)各虫态的生长发育历期和存活率,组建油棕象甲的实验种群生命表。结果表明,在16~32℃温度范围内,油棕象甲各虫态的发育历期随温度的变化而变化,在28℃时,油棕象甲各虫态及全世代的发育历期最短,存活率最高,产卵量最大。在16~32℃温度下,油棕象甲全世代平均发育历期分别为33.68、22.30、15.10、10.30和12.01 d。卵期、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、预蛹期、蛹期、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为13.13、13.38、11.59、10.97、4.56、9.84、10.96和13.38℃;有效积温分别为13.57、13.44、18.79、25.53、79.11、47.62、25.98和214.09日度。种群趋势指数(I)在16~32℃温度范围内均大于1,内禀增长率(rm)均大于0,这说明油棕象甲的种群呈增长趋势。油棕象甲在28℃时种群趋势指数和內禀增长率最高,分别为18.944 2和0.285 6;其次为24℃,其生长发育及其繁殖的最适温区为24~28℃。     

广西玉米生育时期气候变化特征与产量年际波动

2008-2012年连续10个玉米生长季节在广西农业科学院明阳试验基地同一试验地适时播种玉米,在同一施肥水平下进行管理,并对玉米的产量性状进行评价。结合2008-2012年南宁吴圩气象站提供的玉米生育时期气温、降水、日照时数资料,对年际间、季节间玉米产量的稳定性进行比较,分析玉米生育时期的气候变化特征及不同年份玉米产量的波动情况。结果表明,日平均气温秋季高于春季,除了春季少数几天出现的低温,玉米生长期温度基本适合玉米生长;春季随着玉米的生长,气温有逐步上升的趋势;和春季相反,秋季随着玉米的生长,气温有逐步下降的趋势。玉米生长期日照合计值秋季高于春季,日照呈现波浪型变化,变幅在0~12 h之间。日平均降水量春季在2.85~3.99 mm之间,变化较小;秋季在2.47~6.15 mm之间,变化较大;春季单日较大的降水都出现在玉米生长的中后期,秋季的降水不均匀且无规律,玉米苗期和成熟期降水普遍较少。春季玉米产量在7 446.0~9 118.5 kg/hm2之间,秋季在6 346.5~7 297.5 kg/hm2之间,产量低于春季。生育期春季105~121 d,秋季91~101 d,春季的生育期明显长于秋季。2008-2012年玉米生育时期没有重大的自然灾害,玉米产量波动与年际间气候条件相关性较小。不同年份之间,玉米产量变化不明显,但表现季节效应,春季玉米产量显著高于秋季。     

Modeling the effects of temperature on the survival and growth of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) through the first year of life

Temperature and body size are widely agreed to be the primary factors influencing vital rates (e.g., growth, mortality) in marine fishes. We created a biophysical individual‐based model which included the effects of body size and temperature on development, growth and mortality rates of eggs, larvae and juveniles of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the North Sea. Temperature‐dependent mortality rates in our model were based on the consumption rate of predators of cod early‐life stages. The model predicted 35%, 53% and 12% of the total mortality to occur during the egg, larval and juvenile stages, respectively. A comparison of modeled and observed body size suggested that the growth of survivors through their first year of life is high and close to the growth rates in ad libitum feeding laboratory experiments. Furthermore, our model indicates that experiencing warmer temperatures during early life only benefits young cod (or theoretically any organism) if a high ratio exists between the temperature coefficients for the rate of growth and the rate of mortality. During the egg stage of cod, any benefit of developing more rapidly at warmer temperatures is largely counteracted by temperature‐dependent increases in predation pressure. In contrast, juvenile (age‐0) cod experiences a higher cumulative mortality at warmer temperatures in the North Sea. Thus, our study adds a new aspect to the ‘growth–survival’ hypothesis: faster growth is not always profitable for early‐life stages particularly if it is caused by warmer temperatures.     

贵州民族自治区的区位优势·制约因素与发展战略分析

民族问题是贵州省需解决的主要问题之一。由于自然环境、地理区位、文化传统等制约因素的影响,贵州省民族自治区的区位优势一直未能充分发挥,分析了其优势所在和制约因素,提出了适合贵州省民族自治区的发展战略。